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Bartleby in power

At the end of The Parallax View, Zizek presents Bartleby's "I prefer not to" as the key figure of a new politics, a politics that moves past "the politics of 'resistance' or 'protestation,' which parasitizes upon what it negates, to a politics which opens up a new space outside the hegemonic position and its negation."

What is involved in this position?

First, Zizek differentiates his use of Bartleby from Hardt and Negri's. He points out that Hardt and Negri consider refusal as a first move toward building something new. Zizek understands "I prefer not" not as a starting point of abstract negation byt as an "underlying principle that sustains the entire movement; far from "overcoming" it, the subsequent work of construction, rather, gives body to it."
The work of constructing a new order is sustained by the "I prefer not." He writes:

The difficulty of imagining the New is the difficulty of imagining Bartleby in power. Thus the logic of the move from superego-parallax to the Bartleby parallax is very precise: it is the move from something to nothing, from the void to its own place. ... In other words, Bartleby's gesture is what remains of the supplement to the Law when its place is emptied of all its obscene superego content.

Second, the withdrawal of Bartleby's "I prefer not" is primarily a withdrawal from resistance, from charity, and from the faux-Buddhist illusion of capital as a game. What this means for Zizek is that the refusal is a formal gesture; not one to be filled in with a specific content.

Zizek sums up the idea with Anthony Perkins (from Psycho) as the ultimate Bartleby who "couldn't even hurt a fly." He writes:

There is no violent quality in it; the violence pertains to its very immobile, inert, insistent, passive being.
    Bartleby couldn't even hurt a fly--that what makes his presence so unbearable.

How might we think about this Bartleby-parallax?

First, as another name for the discursive social link characterized by the discourse of the analyst. Here, objet petit a remains empty (unlike in the perverse discourse). So, the formal refusal is a refusal of contents.

Second, Bartleby-parallax involves violence. On the one hand, Zizek continues to emphasize that revolutionary violence is liberating in and of itself. In fact, he turns around the old adage but breaking a few eggs to say that "You can't break eggs ...without making omlets!" Nevertheless, he adds that revolutionary violence should not be confused with violent outbursts that bear witness to a more fundamental impotence. For violence to be more than a gesture to insure that nothing really changes,

"this very place should be opened up through a gesture which is thoroughly violent in its impassive refusal, through a gesture of pure withdrawal in which ... nothing will have taken place but the place itself.

Third, this impassive refusal is the other side (not the precondition of) building something new, the work of the negative.

What does this formulation offer?

One shouldn't expect a psychoanalytically informed theory to offer solace or answers; as Zizek repeats time and again, the point is not the imposition of a new Master signifier (or, contra Badiou, the introduction of new names). It's possible that this clarifies to an extent Zizek's thinking about violence--violent refusal over pointless outburst.  What is difficult, for me at least, is to think what a kind of work of building a new community rooted in "I prefer not" would look like. To this extent, the introduction of Bartleby (where Zizek before had been discussing the Pauline work of love) makes matter more opaque.

By Jodi | February 21, 2006 in Zizek | Permalink

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Comments

Jodi,

Thanks for this. Obviously, having no copy of this book yet, I cannot comment in depth on it. But...it certainly is an interesting series. Lenin - Paul - Bartleby. From a heroic actor intervening in a present to change the co-ordinates of a situation, to a militant thinker of the new concieved as that one faithful to a fabulous event, to a fictional character who would simply prefer not to...I am wondering this: Zizek/Deleuze, and what role exactly that the book that Zizek wrote on Deleuze played for him. Because it would appear now that we have finally arrived at a definition of the act concieved as one of pure negation, and not even an Hegelian negation of negation resulting in a final synthesis, even a discordant one.

To be sure: "No, I said, No, No" - is this not, in essence, exactly what Deleuze, in Anti-Oedipus, said to Lacan?

Posted by: josef k. | Feb 21, 2006 8:34:52 PM

Hi Jon,

Provocative, timely post, Jon.

Forgive me if I'm here widely misinterpreting the always-insistant "old-fashioned socialist" of Slovenia, but isn't his always-already position, as an institutionalised academic, and as he repeatedly suggests throughout his writings, including the cut-and-paste varieties, that of a "slight" though crucial perturbance of Gandhi, of passive aggressiveness rather than passive resistance, a generalised antagonism, modulated and socially implemented by the [death drive?] strategy of pretending to pretend, of disavowing ideology's necessary supplement of "subjective" disavowal?

And that the practical strategic limitation here is his subliminal belief - the obverse being his readers' faith - in such a political-ethico stance leading directly, eventually ["Oh, have patience! Death Drive leads directly to the Act!"] to the Evental Act - though with more than just some token help from an underlying rigid organisational form, the Party (necessarily an an anti-community, a device)?

And, taking Josef K's remarks above into the picture, yes indeed, the Act is pure negation, there is no change there [remember, Zizek still subscribes to the ineluctibility of the Synthom], the problem is/remains the coordinates of the parallactic shift needed to realise it?

Posted by: Padraig | Feb 21, 2006 8:57:39 PM

Whoops

Apologies, Jodi, for pretending to confuse you with the phantasmatic Jon; its the necessary negativity, you understand :-)

Posted by: Padraig | Feb 21, 2006 9:07:33 PM

This is what Adam Kotsko has called Zizek's "Benjaminian turn."

Posted by: Adam Kotsko | Feb 21, 2006 9:24:56 PM

"What is difficult, for me at least, is to think what a kind of work of building a new community rooted in "I prefer not" would look like."

He says it, no?

"Bartleby's 'I would prefer not to' is not the starting point of 'abstract negation' which should then be overcome in the patient positive work of the 'determinate negation' of the existing social universe, but a kind of arche, the underlying principle that sustains the entire movement: far from 'overcoming' it, the subsequent work of construction, rather, gives body to it." (p. 384).

Collective 'I would prefer not to.' The point seems to be precisely that there is no "work of building a new community" to be done. What I want to know is how this sits with his critique of Badiou as basically providing nothing constructive? Are we talking a Party of 'I would prefer not to-ers'? What would an economic Event look like?

We now have Agamben's Bartleby, Badiou's Bartleby, HN's Bartleby and Zizek's Bartleby. Agamben's and Zizek's seem the closest and this is indeed probably down to Adam's Benjaminian Turn. Although I don't think Badiou's is that far off either.

Posted by: Amish Lovelock | Feb 21, 2006 10:57:02 PM

Blanchot and Derrida also have a Bartleby.

Posted by: Matt | Feb 21, 2006 11:10:38 PM

hi Jodi,

I don't know what to do with this. The bit about violence strikes me as circular. That's what the "nothing takes place but the place" part sounds like to me, as does the issue displaced onto that - the relationship of revolutionary violence and liberation. It seems to basically say "you'll know revolutionary violence by its being liberatory" and "you'll know liberatory violence by its being revolutionary". It's like that judge's comment about pornography: "I know it when I see it". I don't mean that flippantly - the assertion serves in part to re-instantiate the position of the judge (or the would be public intellectual) as the one who needs to see the case in order to declare on it.

As for Hardt and Negri and the community of those (of us) who prefer not to... I suspect their's is a literary studies-ized and/or Deleuze-ized instantiation of the 'refusal of work' theme that was practiced and theorized in Italian far left circles from the mid 60s on. Tronti's pretty clear that the refusal of work needs a party form of organization. Sergio Bologna said, basically though not in so many words, that the Italian student and women's movements of the 70s were communities of the "I prefer not to".

Personally, I'm not invested in either negation or affirmation as the first principle or theoretical method, and I don't understand what's at stake in the debates. Organizing a union could be an "I prefer not to", a refusal, to working long hours and never getting to see the kids and not having decent health insurance etc. Or it could be an affirmation of having free time, hanging out with loved ones, caring for the body, etc. We could make the exact same example with, say, the seizure of state power by the revolutionary movement lead by the party. Myself, I like the affect of class anger and hatred, so if I had to pick I prefer the negative, but that's not a theoretical reason it's a matter of taste. (It might also be a matter of rhetoric and tactics - approach me with anger at how much of a jerk the boss is, approach another person with their love of their kids, etc.) I hope this makes sense.

take care,
Nate

Posted by: Nate | Feb 22, 2006 1:05:53 AM

I'm no phantasm!

But Deleuze has his own Bartleby, of course: "Bartleby, or the Formula," in Essays Critical and Clinical. And I agree with Nate that H&N's Bartleby is drawn more from Tronti than from Deleuze, though cf. Hardt's book on Deleuze as a book that presents our Gilles as, precisely, a thinker of refusal.

Meanwhile, how "Adam's Benjaminian Turn" influenced either Agamben or Zizek, I don't know. But I'm impressed.

Posted by: Jon | Feb 22, 2006 1:22:44 AM

Amish--the Bartlbey position doesn't replace activity; nor does it precede it; it sustains the work of constructing a community. So, I disagree with your reading of this in terms of 'collectively there is no work to be done.'

Adam--do you want to spell it out or remain cryptic?

Josef K--I've been wondering this as well; especially given the way that the form as such or the negation as such or the absolute minimal difference seems to coincide with Deleuze's pure difference. But, I need to do more work to say anything more confident than that.

Nate--I like your comment. I've been in some discussions focused on negativity v. positivity and tend to find them frustrating and not particularly useful. But this is likely because I'm on the side of the negative--although this 'nothing takes place but the place' hasn't yet appeared to me as an idea I can do anything with.

Posted by: Jodi | Feb 22, 2006 10:53:32 AM

Jodi,

Caricatured, I would say that Benjamin promotes a complete destruction of "civilization," and then once that is completed -- we don't rebuild anything, we directly "have" the real life we were hoping for. Agamben might draw out this kind of stuff more explicitly than Benjamin did himself (haven't read quite enough Benjamin yet).

It seems to me that Zizek's position in Parallax view is more like (how I described) Benjamin than like the old Zizek where you have to be brave enough to build up a new positive order, etc. Tarrying with the negative has been taken to a whole new level!

Posted by: Adam Kotsko | Feb 22, 2006 7:18:29 PM

Jodi,

Ah, ok, I see. Thanks.

But.

The "But" is:

The Bartleby position is activity. It is the movement - it "gives body to it." Therefore "the work of buiding new community" seems out of place here? However, Karatani's efforts to establish Local Exchange Trading Systems and experimenting with other forms of alternative currencies - setting up small cancerous "cells" - he calls them - of trading communities might be a specific example of what Bartleby in power would look like? How can Capital accumulate if everything has to get back to zero? If Capital can't move, where would it go but to destruction?

Posted by: Amish Lovelock | Feb 22, 2006 11:19:03 PM

"The Bartleby position is activity. It is the movement - it "gives body to it.""

I agree with this and would like to present an example where I have actually seen this at work, in the excellent documentary film "Made in Secret". This example is a little weird, but I am interested in what other people might have to say about it.

This film presents the activities of a group called the East Van Porn Collective. The group is composed of a set of Queer and Straight Vancouver activists who begin to shoot pornographic movies of themselves, which they then to show to themselves. The film documents their efforts making their latest pornographic movie. At the beginning of the film, one member of the group announces that she will be unable to participate in this endeavour, as she is going to Toronto for the duration that they will be shooting it. At the end of the movie, she returns, and the reunited collective then watch their latest work together. After they view it, one member announces that a friend of hers from Portland has set-up a underground pornographic film festival and suggests they should submit their own film. Pretty much, everyone agrees, except for this one person who had been in Toronto, who had not even been in the film, and who had not been involved at all in making it.

A strange objection. She says that she would not feel comfortable, she does not know why, she is being irrational, she cannot explain it, but nonetheless she would not feel comfortable. Temperatures threaten to become heated before somebody wisely suggest that convene a proper meeting to discuss this problem.

The collective, which has a policy that all decisions taken must be unanimous, threatens to break apart. This person wonders aloud whether she should leave. The rest of the collective refuses to agree. And eventually, after an entire day discussing things, they resolve to submit the documentary film which had been being made about at the time.

A fortunate coincidence one might suggest. And indeed, it certainly was - a very fundamental issue was at stake in their deliberations, related to the part that they wanted to play in the world, and this issue one might think will almost inevitably recur in the future. But the crucial point is this: faced with a situation in which they could have devolved back into the majority-vote system, they instead preferred to simply not to, and indeed, risk everything - even, indeed, their own existence as a collective, in order to try and arrive at a solution that may have proved impossible.

And is this is not what Zizek means? The revolutionary act was not the solution. Rather, it was the pure wager of simply refusing the presented, common-sense alternatives, and rather radicallly taking that refusal where it went.

Posted by: josef k. | Feb 23, 2006 2:21:51 PM

"And is this not what Zizek means?"

NO, it ISN'T.

It's a properly psychotic example of how smug gliberalism actually works ... they chose the "common-sense," self-serving alternative. What else could you possibly expect from a bunch of chronically self-objectified egoists masquerading as a "collective"?

Zizek means Death Drive - not desire pathology.

Please!! Try again.

Posted by: Padraig | Feb 23, 2006 5:31:15 PM

Padraig - I'm sorry, but I think you've misread me.

The choice I am talking about wasn't the choice that they finally made which was the solution to the problem which they had, rather, the choice was the initial "No" which meant that they had to recognize that they were faced with a problem in the first place.

Furthermore, I don't know understand exactly the sneering tone that you manifest here is supposed to shed light on anything particularly illuminating, besides your own objectified egotist desire pathology.

Posted by: josef k. | Feb 23, 2006 6:31:07 PM

"Desire in its purity is of course "death drive", it occurs when the subject assumes without restraint its "being-towards-death", the ultimate annihilation of its symbolic identity - that is, when it endures confrontation with the Real, with the impossibility constitutive of desire...Psychoanalysis...aim[s]....to induce the analysand to choose "the worst" in the alternative "the Father or the worst" - that is to say, to dissolve Father qua symptom by choosing the desire's impasse, by fully assuming the impossibility constitutive of desire."

[Zizek, FTKNWTD, p.266-7]

Posted by: josef k. | Feb 23, 2006 6:43:43 PM

Jodi,

Why must community by "rooted"?

And how is it you can't break eggs, without making any omelets?

Posted by: Matt | Feb 23, 2006 8:53:14 PM

Matt--can't answer omlets (it really doesn't work; but I doubt that is his point although it could be)

for "rooted" substitute: "linked through" (as in, the discourse of the analyst has a specific logic of the social connection; in this version, "I prefer not" is in the place of objet petit a, itself a form, or cause; so, I prefer not is the object-cause in the position of the address, addressing the subject (already split but perhaps split anew)

Posted by: Jodi | Feb 23, 2006 9:01:16 PM

Hm..I'm not a practicing psychoanalyst, so I really couldn't say...

Isn't the phrase actually "I prefer not to"? If you drop the "to" it loses something of its appearance of incompletion.

Posted by: Matt | Feb 23, 2006 9:22:12 PM

Matt,

You make pancakes.

Posted by: Amish Lovelock | Feb 24, 2006 10:28:09 AM

I haven't time to sneer, Josef K, but your response above (acting out with gratuitous ad hominems) really doesn't help to resolve the problem you raised but propells you in a contrary direction ...

You state "...the choice was the initial "No" which meant that they had to recognize that they were faced with a problem in the first place."

But they didn't recognise it; they denied it. A "proper" ethical stance would have been precisely the opposite of their always-already determined position.

Thanks for the Zizek quote.

Posted by: Padraig | Feb 24, 2006 11:46:15 AM

Well, hmmm...Padraig, are you just riffing off my description, or do you yourself possess knowledge of the example which I am describing? If the former, I am not sure how it is you are able to be quite so categorical. But also, I have to say, I don't understand exactly what it is that you saying or suggesting here. I do not think that you are just talking in Hegelese jargon about nothing in particular, but I wonder whether you could try and flesh out what exactly that the claim that you are making here consists of.

Posted by: josef. k | Feb 24, 2006 5:06:47 PM

Josef K: "...but I wonder whether you could try and flesh out what exactly that the claim that you are making here consists of."

I was responding to your claim, viz, embracing hedonistic Kapitalist pornography, after "considered" denial, as a suitably "radical" instance of, as you merely suggest, "And is this not what Zizek means? The revolutionary act was not the solution. Rather, it was the pure wager of simply refusing the presented, common-sense alternatives, and rather radicallly taking that refusal where it went."

Far from me talking in "Hegelese jargan about nothing in particular" , the usual insular, arrogant rhetorics of power of smug American academics and their sychophantic lapdogs, the contrary, as you will notice if you henceforth pay attention ...

"simply refusing the presented ...". This is tragically laughable: as Zizek argued, Americans would rather envisage the end of the world than a simple change in the social system. That includes most contemporary American academics ... What, you're going to attempt to claim otherwise? And in Hegelese?

Posted by: Padraig | Feb 24, 2006 8:55:35 PM

hi Josef,
It's really entertaining watching you and Padraig go round, and makes me feel like a good belle lettrist (we need to found ourselves an international) because your posts keep reminding me of books - Irvine Welsh's rather gross but still good Porno and that Hume quote about prefering that the world be destroyed before over injuring one's finger.
In any case, I have a question. Can you please explain your example a bit? I've read next to no Zizek and the example is really far from any experience of mine so I have no sense of what to do with it, particulary in terms of what it decribes or prescribes about politics. Could you maybe make another parallel example that makes the same point, or link this example with another? I really don't get it. Among what I think I do get, you seem to imply that consensus (sp?) procedure = good and majority voting = bad. If that's what you're saying then I'd assert that that's simply not so, and'd be happy to supply examples to back that up.
Best wishes,
Nate

Posted by: Nate | Feb 24, 2006 11:59:16 PM

IT gets it.

Posted by: Matt | Feb 25, 2006 4:01:38 AM

that Hume quote about prefering that the world be destroyed before over injuring one's finger.

Where is this to be found? I'd like to take a look...

Posted by: CR | Feb 25, 2006 10:12:53 AM

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