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Deleuze and Guatarri on the national state and human rights
In a discussion of Deleuze and Guatarri's notion of the concept in What is philosophy?, one of the commentators points to p. 107 of that book where 'communication' is discussed. Starting with 106, the authors write:
If there is no universal democratic State, despite German philosophy's dream of foundation, it is because the market is the only thing that is universal in capitalism. In contrast with the ancient empires that carried out transcendent overcodings, capitalism functions as an immanent axiomatic of decoded flows (of money, labor, products). National States are no longer paradigms of overcoding but constitute the "models of realization" of this immanent axiomatic . . . .
Now, models of realization may be very diverse (democratic, dictatorial, totalitarian), they may be really heterogeneous, but they are nonetheless isomorphous with regard to the world market insofar as the latter not only presupposes but produces determinate inequalities of development. That is why, as has often been noted, democratic States are so bound up with, and comprised by, dictatorial States that the defense of human rights must necessarily take up the internal criticism of every democracy.
Skipping a sentence:
Of course, there is no reason to believe that we can no longer think after Auschwitz, or that we are all responsible for Nazism in an unwholesome culpability that, moreover, would only affect the victims. As Primo Levi said, they will not make us confuse the victims with the executioners. But, he says what Nazism and the camps inspire in us is much more or much less: "the shame of being a man" (because even the survivors had to collude, to compromise themselves). It is not only our States but each of us, every democrat, who finds him or herself not responsible for Nazism but sullied by it.
And now Deleuze and Guatarri talk directly about communication:
There is indeed catastrophe, but it consists in the society of brothers or friends having undergone such an ordeal that brothers and friends can no longer look at each other, or each at himself, without a "weariness," perhaps a "mistrust," which does not suppress friendship but gives it its modern color and replaces the simple "rivalry" of the Greeks. We are no longer Greeks, and friendship is no longer the same: Blanchot and Mascolo have seen the importance of this mutation for thought itself.
Human rights are axioms. They can coexist on the market with many other axioms, notably those concerning the security of property, which are unaware of or suspend them even more than they contradict them: "the impure mixture or the impure side by side," said Nietzsche. Who but the police and armed forces that coexist with democracies can control and manage poverty and the deterritorialization-reterritorialization of shanty towns? What social democracy has not given the order to fire when the poor come out of their territory or ghetto? Rights save neither men nor a philosophy that is reterritorialized on the democratic State. Human rights will not make us bless capitalism. A great deal of innocence or cunning is needed by a philosophy of communication that claims to restore the society of friends, or even of wise men, by forming a universal opinion as "consensus" able to moralize nations, States, and the market.
In an endnote at this point, the authors recommend Michel Butel, in L'autre journal 10 (March 1991): 21-25.
Human rights says nothing about the immanent modes of people provided with rights. Nor is it only in the extreme situations described by Primo Levi that we experience the shame of being human. We also experience it in insignificant conditions, before the meanness and vulgarity of existence that haunts democracies, before the propagation of these modes of existence and of thought-for-the-market, and before the values, ideals, and opinions of our time.
on the next page, 108, the theme of communication is raised again:
If philosophy is reterritorialized on the concept, it does not find the condition for this in the present form of the democratic State or in a cogito of communication that is even more dubious than that of reflection. We do not lack communication. On the contrary, we have too much of it. We lack creation. We lack resistance to the present. The creation of concepts in itself calls for a future form, for a new earth and people that do not yet exist.
By Swifty | August 31, 2006 in Adorno, Blanchot, Hegel, Postmodernism | Permalink
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Comments
There's also an extract from {translation of) Deleuze on human rights here. And, I can't see how these two extracts - which are interesting for many reasons - might suggest that D&G were inclined to see philosophy as engaged in a sovereigntist/legislating activity.
The counterposing of empty abstractions to the contingent 'situation', of 'human rights' and 'jurisprudence', and so on ... a quite strong revulsion for the language of 'values' it seems to me.
In addition, there's the "Postscript on Societies of Control", the discussion of royal and nomad science in A Thousand Plateaus, and more besides. Might I also suggest Eric Alliez's The Signature of the World, which includes a preface by Alberto Toscano, an online version of which is up on Multitudes.
Posted by: s0metim3s | Aug 31, 2006 10:53:59 PM
Hi s0metim3s,
I agree with you that this excerpt does not support a 'legislating' Deleuze and Guatarri. I transcribed it only because it was recommended and once I went to look at it I thought it was very interesting. Thanks for the very useful references. I think Discard was recommending the above section for its relevance to the discussion on 'communication.' Note the criticism -- at least, that's what I think it is -- of Habermas's communicative ethics. And: I think he's expressing a revulsion for human rights (as that term is bandied about) but there's a difference between that and 'value creation' a la Nietzsche, no?
Posted by: John Ransom | Sep 1, 2006 9:57:19 AM
This might be way off base but the last part, particularly "a new earth and people that do not yet exist" almost sounds like the later Heidegger.
Posted by: Alain | Sep 1, 2006 3:48:00 PM
I humbly suggest that D & G, however seemingly hip or a gauche, never grasped the idea of commodity (whether via classical econ. or marxian concepts), and are, as with most postmods, in effect more akin to 13th century clerics than modern thinkers. Discussions of cattle, energy markets, ag. or say water more authentically progressive and useful. What would D & G write in a drought?: say Vegas when the water dries up as expected in a few years.
Posted by: Sam | Sep 2, 2006 2:53:09 PM
Speaking of resistance to the present
Posted by: | Sep 4, 2006 3:06:58 PM
A review of Hallward's Out of this World.
Posted by: s0metim3s | Sep 7, 2006 3:47:47 AM
Whoever sent the 'resistance to the present' link: sincere thanks. It's right up my alley. I also appreciate the other links provided that will deepen my understanding of the issue of resistance.
Posted by: John Ransom | Sep 7, 2006 1:00:50 PM
Somewhat related to this, fans of D&G might find the following article interesting:
Israeli army using Deleuze and Guattari to hone urban warfare. Gotta say, it puts a weird feeling in the stomach.
This is from Livejournal's anthropologist and literary_theory communities, coming from Slapkoppel blog, and originally from Pierre Joris' blog.
Posted by: Sarapen | Sep 8, 2006 1:26:31 PM
Oops, the original post by Pierre Joris is here.
Posted by: Sarapen | Sep 8, 2006 1:36:25 PM
for deleuze on 'jurisprudence' see The Fold.
Posted by: Glen | Sep 11, 2006 8:30:29 AM
Posted by: twinkle | Jul 1, 2007 10:05:27 AM
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