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The Animal Question in Contemporary Radical Politics and Thought

First, I’d like to thank Jodi and Matt for their kind invitation to join Long Sunday as a contributor.   For those readers who do not know me, my name is Matt Calarco and I teach philosophy at Sweet Briar College and contribute on occasion over at I cite.  I have been meaning to post something here at Long Sunday for a couple of months, but have (much to my shame) failed to follow through.  I could offer the usual excuse of being too busy (which would not be false), but a more honest reason could be given.
 
The more honest reason is that I am never quite certain of how to insinuate myself in the debates that go on at Long Sunday, I cite, The Weblog, and other similar blogs I frequent.  The uncertainty stems from my predisposition to approach contemporary radical politics, activism, and theory from a deeply non-anthropocentric perspective—a perspective that is, I take it, not widely shared by most readers of and contributors to these blogs.  While some contributors (primarily Deleuzeans, with whom I am very close for obvious reasons) offer occasional nods to developments in transhumanist thought and radical environmentalism and their promise for contemporary political struggles (and I loudly applaud such posts, if only to myself in my living room), I almost never see any parallel discussion of the role that radical animal politics/theory/studies might or should play in these same struggles.  Similarly, the theorists who are most admired at these sites are rarely, if ever, taken to task for their brazen and dogmatically metaphysical anthropocentrism.

But, the comments on Jodi’s recent post on “A Fox” (which was in turn inspired by a post over at Infinite Thought), combined with a recent increase in attention given to animal studies by leading theorists (for example, Donna Haraway, Jacques Derrida, and Giorgio Agamben) and various Marxists, made me wonder whether this state of affairs might slowly be changing.  Along these lines, I found the following comment by Anthony Paul Smith on Jodi’s “A Fox” post at I cite to be particularly interesting:

“In a less apocalyptic tone I could say that any political revolution will have to deal with the animal problem.  Some more rationally inclined heads than mine (i.e. Bill Martin, member of the RCPUSA) have said as much within the party system of Communism.”

 Anthony is correct that Martin has made this point, and he does so in a very explicit manner in his discussion with Bob Avakian in Marxism and the Call of the Future.  There, Martin makes the suggestion that carnivorism is central to the present economic and political system in which we find ourselves and that a transformation of our relations with animals is an ethically and politically pressing matter in its own right.

So, the question that I’d like to throw out there is this:  Can we say, building off of Anthony Paul Smith’s statement, that the animal problem is unavoidable for radical politics today?  And if so, in what way?  And if it is the case that the animal issue has become “massively unavoidable” (as Derrida phrases it in Specters of Marx) for radical politics, how is it possible that many of the contemporary theorists and activists discussed here and at related sites are so expert and accomplished in avoiding it?

In brief, then, what role should the animal question and the critique of anthropocentrism play in contemporary politics and thought?

I hope folks will forgive me for posing such a broad and open-ended question, but I’d prefer to allow people to take it up in whatever way they see fit.

By Matt Calarco | November 1, 2006 in Derrida, Politics, Social Theory | Permalink

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Hello Matt Calarco,

I am completely open to animal rights issues. I've got a cat sleeping on her little rat bed two feet away from me and refrigerated cow and turkey meat in my refrigerator about twenty feet away. I feel the contradiction. I should either eat Kitty or pet the meat.

But without at all questioning this legitimate concern, I feel I have to register an objection concerning Bob Avakian. He believes that Mao Tse-tung was a great man, a great theorist of the Leninist conception of the the dictatorship of the proletariat. That conception, we all remember, involves one-party dictatorship over society and the complete suppression of pesky "bourgeois" freedoms like speech, right to protest, form unions, take party leaders to trial when they are abusive and corrupt -- you name it.

His group, the Revolutionary Communist Party of the United States of America, dreams of attaining classic Leninist vanguard party status. The level of Looney Tunes you have to have mentally achieved to have this dream in 2006 is . . . well, infinite level. Against all historical evidence in a style familiar from holocaust deniers, Avakian endorses both the Great Leap Forward of the 1950s and early 60s and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution of the 60s-70s. Both of these insane attacks on Chinese society, personally orchestrated by Mao, resulted in the deaths of millions of Chinese civilians and decades of unjust imprisonment on trumped up charges for hundreds of thousands.

The RCPUSA also endorses the assessment arrived at by the Chinese Communist Party in the 1960s concerning Joseph Stalin, namely, that Stalin was "70% good and 30% bad." I find that assessment wildly unbalanced in relation to the facts.

I think animal rights is a legitimate philosophic topic, and an issue for practical morality, no question about it. But Avakian and the RCPUSA are beyond the pale, in my view, and have nothing to do with a radical response to anything.

Posted by: Swifty | Nov 1, 2006 5:35:51 PM

Matt--so glad you are here!! I like my speciesism to be challenged, although I have to say, this is not a view I share (which is one of the reasons sometimes calls me batkiller--the other reason is, well, I kill bats when I can).

So, in short: the only use of the critique of anthropocentricism is as a component of the critique of humanism, an aspect of the attack on the subject so as to expose the ways in which this critique continues to support and presuppose the very subject it aims to criticize.

(I'm not sure how seriously I mean this. It's what I think, but I not a view I find worth holding onto.)

Posted by: Jodi | Nov 1, 2006 10:46:13 PM

Matt, welcome.

I have very mixed feelings about animal rights as concepts, but no mixed feelings about eating meat - I don't. My reasons are not primarily moral, though, if only because I think the separation of animal and plant already seems predicated on a certain anthropocentrism (i.e. don't eat the thing more like you, but feel free to munch the other stuff). Many of my reasons are aesthetic - cooked meat usually grosses me out, I think pigs are particularly cute thanks to that movie Babe, that kind of thing - but the rest have more to do with what I would think of as justice rather than morality (which I tend to think is more individualistic): the meat industry does bad things to their animals, their workers, our environment, and our economy. I find it difficult to support the industry and still think of myself as being on the left or progressive side of things.

I don't take issue with local farm raised animals being used as meat as a consequence, apart from my own aesthetic preference. This may be a limitation on my view...

Posted by: Kenneth Rufo | Nov 1, 2006 11:07:30 PM

Switfy,

I don't think anything good can come of a defence of a party I don't belong to in a comment box of a group blog I don't belong to in a circle in which I remain tangential at best, but I have to say that you oversimplifying things. Mao was, in fact, as good a leader as you get. Of course all leaders of States end up doing fucked up things and all are probably guilty of a fair amount of murder for which they should be tried and killed (maybe that explains a few things about ritual sacrifice in 'primitive' societies). Avakian is a bit bizarre now and then, but I'm not all for squashing peoples hopes for revolution. If they get a vanguard, well, good for them. I'll be behind it until I'm not. I also don't think it's fair to say they are against the basic freedoms you talked about. The members of the party that I was associated with were very much about freedom of speech and we had lively conversations (they hate religion, I'm an Anglican, etc) that never bordered on gulag-fear inspiring. They recognize the learning curve in Communism and respect the Jeffersonian basis of America's democracy. Anyway, that the Communist Party is talking about the animal question is at the very least interesting. Though, only Bill and a few other folks that are more syndicalist than party communists were actually vegetarians.

Matt,

Glad that the comment piqued some interest. I have to say that I differ than a few of my other friends on this questions. I'm not against eating meat absolutely, but within the current system I think it is by far one of the most unethical and hypocritical things one can do as a radical leftist (within the 1st world). John Wesley, founder of the Methodists (whom Engels made some positive comments about), prohibited his followers from drinking alcohol. Now the reason for this was not ideal (ie drinking is a sin because God says it is) but material. His theology posited on the primary of the poor and all the wheat and barley that was used to make beer could have been used to feed starving people throughout Britain. Now this kind of anti-hedonism is in vague with theory people because of Zizek, but in practice I don't see much more than liberal hand wringing or progressive back patting. The fact is the meat industry not only creates a bad relationship with animals and the Earth, creating it as reserve beyond measure, and it highlights, if one pays attention, that we give massive amounts of space and massive amounts of food to an out of control and not naturally sustained population of animals. The amount of grain we have to produce, and choose to produce, to feed cows that we will then butcher is astronomical and that grain should be used to feed starving people first. The way in which we butcher animals for food creates a relationship with the earth, as I said above, of standing reserve. I stopped eating meat when I began to think about whether or not I could kill an animal and realized that I have formed not to by this liberal society. Someone else should do it for me. I shouldn't have to look at it. Is this not the baby boomer hedonism par excellence? I should get my hippie days and my imperialist days, and I want to have my first baby when I'm 40 just to know the experience, etc. This is complete bullshit and I put unconscientious meat eating on the same level. There is also the issue of how much the oil industry is tied to the meat industry and when one goes so will the other. Maybe stock up on the steak while you can, but make sure to get a couple gallons of petrol as well.

Now in a society less de-sanctified I think that meat eating may be acceptable in moderation. One that allows us to deal with the shame of having to take life by first presenting us with it. Has meat eating become anything less than desexualized?

I’d also like to recommend taking a look at the work of Peter Steeves. He is a phenomenologist who has done a lot of work on this issue. His new book begins with the section, “The Animal as First Philosophy” and goes far beyond Agamben’s work in this area. Though the Agamben book is sexier in terms of telling people you read it, Peter’s book is far more circumspect which allows him to actually make a statement. Also, has anyone noticed that much of the actually practicing radical left is very committed to vegetarianism in all its forms? All the squats and community centres in this town are vegetarian and Food not Bombs is veg. Much of the militant black community is vegetarian.

Posted by: Anthony Paul Smith | Nov 2, 2006 4:53:48 AM

Hello Matt,

Aside from the substantive, is the uncertainty you mention an uncertainty about disagreements, disagreeing? If so, I look forward to someone raising anthropological questions and aspects, as they may relate to various discussions here, or on their own.

Posted by: s0metim3s | Nov 2, 2006 6:00:50 AM

"I also don't think it's fair to say they are against the basic freedoms you talked about."

It is completely fair because it is true. Their web site identifies them as partisans of Marxism-Leninism-Mao-tse-tung thought. A key feature of that line of thinking is that freedoms such as a free press and so on are "bourgeois" and can be suppressed at will.

My wife works for an organization that in addition to many other things gives out awards to women journalists who have faced oppression and unjust treatment by governments. ONe of the awardees is a Chinese woman journalist who was put in jail for six years for exposing corruption by party leaders.

"Mao was, in fact, as good a leader as you get. Of course all leaders of States end up doing fucked up things and all are probably guilty of a fair amount of murder for which they should be tried and killed (maybe that explains a few things about ritual sacrifice in 'primitive' societies)."

The glibness above about an individual who is responsible for the murderes of tens of millions of his countrymen calls into question your seriousness about anything, including of course animal rights.

Posted by: Swifty | Nov 2, 2006 10:46:08 AM

'The glibness above about an individual who is responsible for the murderes of tens of millions of his countrymen calls into question your seriousness about anything, including of course animal rights.'

I fully agree. I think it should earn the Most Unreality-Based Award, in the long tradition since WMD/Iraq and Hussein=Al Qaeda allowed Bush/Cheney/Rumsfeld to do the 2003 invasion.

Here is one, in a long list of excellent articles, perhaps 30, on Mao, from NYReview of Books Archives, although this one has to be purchased. I think it is the one that details the sheer numbers of mass killings in Mao's various follies, but doesn't give quite enough information in the few sentences printed. In any case, one of the ones during the 90's has the best summary of all the carnage I've yet read.

http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=2080

Posted by: Patrick J. Mullins | Nov 2, 2006 12:07:25 PM

Swifty,

Whatever helps you sleep at night. If you don't like MLM I could really give a fuck. The history of States is a history of bloodshed and that goes for this mother fucking country and its fucking leaders as well. So, be consistent, decry everyone who has any shred of alliegance to any position that has any connection to the actual world.

And I don't support animal rights, nor human rights as such. Justice in this liberal mode isn't a concept I'm all that worked up about.

Patrick,

Whatever. You'll be quick to defend Clinton when that's brought up.

Posted by: Anthony Paul Smith | Nov 2, 2006 12:34:24 PM

'Patrick,

Whatever. You'll be quick to defend Clinton when that's brought up.'

Anthony,

Whatever. Your prose has become a combination of pop TV and prissy. Which Clinton, laddie? Him or her? I like them both, but especially both of them.

Posted by: Patrick J. Mullins | Nov 2, 2006 2:44:32 PM

Um, yes a warm welcome, Matt. Very glad to have you with us.

It's an immense question. On the more personal side, I was a vegan for several years, until I went to live and work on a fishing boat up in Alaska (you can imagine the temptations, as well as peer–or for that matter employer–pressure). I do wonder sometimes, however, if we even know the first thing about relating to animals. As in, what their sense of time may be, just to begin! And then there is the whole language/imaging debate. Learning to relate outside of language, or inhabiting language in a different manner, is complicated business, in part even a process of unlearning. The other night my 7-year-old recently adopted collie/shepard Dutch, who is very senstive to tone of voice (though I'm not sure he recognizes irony) was howling at the full moon at 3am, singing long and low, really strange and wonderfully. Sometimes when I look in his eyes there seems an immense distance there (not quite the "blank animal" distance Herzog perceived, I shouldn't think). (Other times he is just an older, bumbling fellow, a little disconcerted, stubborn, anxious, absent-minded or embarrassed–if these words really ap-ply). Anyway, "still waters run deep," is a phrase that sometimes comes to mind, in his more poetic moments.

The idea of eating him is repellent but not morally so (I think of the Rugby team members in "Alive," and intuit that I would have done the same.)

Of course the whole Fast Food Nation-State constellation of megacorporations with larger economies than many countries, raping the irreplaceable rainforests and furthering the global north's slave animal meat dependency is disastrous on a planetary scale and despicable on a relational or ethical level (though the latter is harder to define); on a diagnostic level that seems like a complete no-brainer to me, hardly even worthy of discussion.

But by the political import of such questions, then, I'm guessing you mean something different, and more along the lines of how the notion of politics itself (including the law, justice, etc) is altered by a thinking of 'the question of the animal' today.

You probably know that several of us discussed Agamben's The Open a bit once. Certainly the explicit political aspects were largely left vaguely suggested or unsaid (although Jodi's post did take up "biopolitics" fairly directly). So I'm not certain what you mean by avoiding the problem (though I can imagine how this is true). In listing the ways in which it has become "unavoidable," one is tempted to cite everything from economic/environmental sustainability to the juridico-ethical consequences of Aushwitz to the fencing in of populations (both isolationist or protective and colonizing) to the militarization of all space..

Finally though, I'd be very curious what if anything you (or for that matter anyone) made of Coetzee's rather famous engagement with these issues. (That slim book, The Lives of Animals might be another provoking place to start as well, if folks were interested.) Here I am being a shill for n+1 again, but maybe you caught Benjamin Kunkel's creative essay, "Elizabeth Costello" in their second issue? Very provoking. (It seems he also had an older review here, perhaps of interest).

Cheers.

Posted by: Matt | Nov 2, 2006 9:44:32 PM

Thanks for the comments everyone. I'm glad this post sparked some interest.

Swifty: I'll let you and others carry on the debate over Avakian and the RCPUSA, as my knowledge of both are minimal. Like you, I think some of Avakian's orthodoxy is outmoded and naive--all the more remarkable that either he or Martin would take the animal question at all seriously.

Jodi: As an element in the critique of humanism and the displacement of the human subject, I agree that anthropocentrism is very useful. And I am definitely interested in that line of thought. I have always found it difficult, though, to stop at that point. The logic of the critique of anthropoocentrism seems to carry itself into so many areas and disrupt so many discourses, and I try to follow those disruptions out as far as I can.

Kenneth: That's an interesting point about the animal/plant split and how it is usually structured by an implicit anthropocentrism. I agree wholeheartedly. One of the reasons I like to enter the critique of anthropocentrism through the animal question is that it immediately poses the animal/non-animal distinction as a new limit for thought--one that is equally important, to my mind.

Anthony: Thanks for your comments--I found them very interesting. I have indeed read Steeves' work and like it quite a bit. Agamben's work has serious limitations (ones that I address in a forthcoming book I've edited on his work), but so does Steeves', having to do primarily with his politics, but that's a long argument. Suffice it to say, I share a lot of your arguments--and I thought the Deleuze post over at The Weblog was great, too.

s0metim3s: My uncertaintiy and hesitation stem from the kind of approach I would take to most questions--I doubt it would be widely shared and so I remain quiet (at least here and on other similar blogs). My comments would likely derail the discussion off into a direction most people wouldn't want to take or be interested in taking. Plus, it would take a lot of work to explain my position and where it comes from, and the blog format isn't so great for that kind of thing. But, now that I see how nuanced and responsive people's views are, I'll be sure to post more.

Matt: Actually, I had in mind all of the things you brought up: questions about the economy, the environment, the law/justice, etc. The question of the animal appears to me to be intricately tied to all of those things, even if they don't reduce down to an animal issue. As for Agamben's _The Open_, I did indeed see your discussion and liked it a lot; and I have been reading Agamben with an eye toward the animal issue for many years now (I have a couple of published essays on the issue). I think his work has to be ripped out its context to be of much use to the kinds of questions we're discussing--and that is precisely what I try to do. As for Coetzee's _Lives_ and _Disgrace_ and his other writings on animals, I have read them all repeatedly and carefully. His work is a major influence on my own. I will say, very briefly, that I think there are few other people who are able to pose the question of the relation between anthropocentrism and post-colonialism in a way that is as insightful as his. It would be interesting to discuss his work here--perhaps a reading of _Disgrace_ and _Lives_ . . .

Posted by: mattcalarco | Nov 3, 2006 8:33:09 AM

It would be interesting to discuss his work here--perhaps a reading of _Disgrace_ and _Lives_ . . .

Yes, please.

Posted by: Matt | Nov 11, 2006 7:42:09 PM

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